Keep your feline feeling fine: Common cat diseases

As a cat owner, you probably know that your feline friend is full of personality, but they can also be masters at hiding when something’s wrong. Unlike dogs, who might whine or act out when they’re unwell, cats tend to be a lot more subtle with their discomfort. That's why it's so important to stay alert for signs that your cat might not be feeling their best.

In this article, we’ll dive into some common cat diseases to watch out for, offering expert tips from our knowledgeable friend, Dr. Rosalind Holland (BVSc, MVM, MANZCVS), on how to spot symptoms early and keep your cat healthy and thriving. From diabetes to cat kidney disease, we’ll help you understand what to look for and how to support your feline companion through thick and thin.

Spot the signs: How to know when your cat’s unwell

Cats are skilled at hiding discomfort as a survival instinct, which evolved to protect them from predators by masking signs of weakness. However, by keeping an eye on key signs, you can catch health issues early and ensure your cat stays healthy.

According to Dr. Holland changes in drinking and urination are key red flags, “Several common and serious illnesses in cats cause an increase in thirst (polydipsia) and an increase in urination (polyuria), so if you notice either of these signs, you should get your cat booked in for a vet exam as soon as possible.” 

Dr. Holland also recommends keeping an eye on your cat’s weight and muscle tone: “I always encourage owners to weigh their cat regularly at home, and to learn how to assess their cat's body condition.” A case of mysterious weight loss should result in a vet visit.

One of the most important conditions for cat owners to be aware of is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease     (FLUTD), which includes cystitis and urinary blockages. These issues can sometimes be mistaken for constipation, but in male cats especially, urinary blockages can be life-threatening and require urgent veterinary care.

Early warning signs include frequent small trips to the litter box, straining to urinate, excessive licking of the genital area, and blood in the urine. If you notice any of these behaviours, seek veterinary help immediately.
Dr. Holland goes on to emphasise that not all illnesses have obvious clinical signs, so no matter how much you monitor and observe, some signs of diseases in cats can still fly under your radar, until it’s detected by a vet as part of routine checks, like bloodwork. 

A good rule of thumb is that any sudden change in your cat’s behaviour – from appetite, to activity, to litter box habits, should warrant a vet visit. Even subtle shifts can point to an underlying health issue.

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common diseases in middle-aged and older cats. One of the hallmarks is weight loss despite having a good (or even increased) appetite. Other early signs can include restlessness and increased vocalisation. If you notice these changes, it’s worth checking in with your vet, as treatment can greatly improve quality of life.

Diabetes in cats: What pet parents should know

Diabetes in cats is more common than you might think, especially in older or overweight cats. The key symptoms include excessive drinking, frequent urination, and weight loss. 

“Diabetes is a serious illness that can be fatal if not treated, but with early diagnosis it can usually be managed and in many cases can go into remission,” Dr. Holland explains.

To diagnose diabetes, blood and urine tests are necessary, as it is not the only cause of excessive thirst. “If your cat has possible signs of diabetes … then have them checked by your vet as soon as possible,” Dr. Holland advises.

Chronic kidney disease: A common threat in older cats

As your cat gets older, their kidneys may start to lose their ability to function properly. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common health issues in senior cats, and while it can’t be cured, there are steps you can take to manage it.

“Chronic kidney disease is common in older cats and can also cause increased thirst and urination as well as weight loss. Chronic kidney disease cannot be reversed, but a cat's quality and quantity of life can often be increased with medication and dietary management,” Dr. Holland says.

Managing chronic kidney disease in cats often involves dietary changes and medication to help slow the progression of the disease. Here are some tips for managing kidney disease in older cats:

• Regular vet check-ups to monitor kidney function
• Special kidney-friendly diets to support renal health
• Always encourage your cat to drink plenty of water to ensure they’re hydrated!

Ageing gracefully: Managing age-related illnesses in cats

As your cat enters their golden years, it’s important to be aware of the signs of age-related conditions. Just like humans, cats can develop arthritis, dental issues, and cognitive dysfunction as they age. The good news is that many of these conditions are manageable with the right care and attention

As your cat gets older, it’s a good idea to keep an eye on a few things to make sure they’re comfortable. Look out for signs of arthritis, like stiffness or trouble jumping, which could mean their joints are causing them pain. 

Dental health and check-ups

Dental disease is one of the most common health problems in cats, and because it develops gradually, it’s often overlooked until it causes significant pain. Issues such as gingivitis, tooth resorption, and periodontal disease can lead to infections, discomfort, and even affect organs like the heart and kidneys if bacteria enter the bloodstream.

Signs your cat may have dental problems include:

• Bad breath (halitosis)
• Red, sore, and bleeding gums 
• Reduced appetite 
• Weight loss 
• Mouth pain 
• Pawing at the mouth 
• Drooling 
• Difficulty eating 
• Tartar build-up 
• Loose teeth 
• Reduced grooming 

Don’t forget regular dental check-ups either as bad teeth can lead to infections and discomfort. And just like us, older cats can get a bit forgetful or confused, so keeping an eye on their behaviour, such as excessive meowing, is important too.

Regular vet visits, keeping up to date on vaccinations, monitoring for any changes, and providing a comfortable space to relax can help manage these conditions.

Feline obesity: Why a healthy weight matters

Cat obesity is one of the most common preventable health problems in cats today. Overweight cats are at higher risk for conditions like diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease. Maintaining a healthy weight is key to your cat’s overall health and longevity.

Overfeeding and lack of exercise are often the main causes. It’s important to control portions and encourage your cat to be active.

Here are some steps to keep your cat at a healthy weight:

• Portion control: Be mindful of how much food you’re giving your cat. Follow the guidelines on food packaging and avoid free feeding.
• Exercise: Encourage playtime with toys that stimulate your cat’s natural instincts, like feather wands.
• Healthy treats: Offer low-calorie snacks to avoid overfeeding.    

Understanding FIV: Feline immunodeficiency virus explained 

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a viral infection that affects your cat’s immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and delaying the healing process. It’s passed through bite wounds, often from fights, and is incurable.

Signs that may suggest FIV infection include:

• Recurrent infections (such as respiratory or skin infections)
• Wounds that are slow to heal
• Poor coat condition or weight loss
• Persistent fever
• Inflammation of the gums and mouth

Since these signs can also be linked to other health issues, testing is the only way to confirm if your furry friend has FIV. Dr. Holland explains: “Once FIV is contracted, the cat has the virus for life. FIV affects the cat's immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and delaying healing.” Dr. Holland says.

Please note that pre-existing conditions are usually not covered, and you should check your pet insurance policy or speak to your insurer to stay on top of all the relevant information.

Prevention and testing

The best prevention is to reduce the risk of fighting, particularly for outdoor or roaming cats. Keeping cats indoors, desexing, and regular health checks can all help lower the risk. Testing for FIV is simple. It’s done through a blood test, and testing is recommended where it informs a cat’s diagnostic plan, for example where a cat is showing signs of slow wound healing, recurrent infections or not responding to treatment as might be expected. 

“Cats infected with FIV can live long and relatively healthy lives, but it is important to know if your cat is infected,” Dr. Holland assures us.

Feel confident with SPCA Pet Insurance

Taking care of a cat’s health can feel overwhelming at times, especially with all the potential diseases to watch for. With regular vet check-ups, a bit of attention to their behaviour, and a healthy lifestyle, you’re already on the right track. 

To ease your mind of the risk of unexpected vet bills, consider whether SPCA Pet Insurance can help you feel confident that you’re ready to provide your pets with the best care possible when they need it.